1.2 - Bhagavad Gita - Chapter 1, Verse 2

Verse 1.2 of the Bhagavad Gita marks the beginning of Sanjaya's narration to the blind King Dhritarashtra, setting the scene for the unfolding drama on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. Sanjaya says: "On observing the Pandava army standing in military formation, King Duryodhan approached his teacher Dronacharya, and said..."

This verse captures a pivotal moment where Duryodhana, the eldest of the Kauravas, surveys the battlefield and observes the Pandava forces arrayed before him. Despite his outward confidence, Duryodhana experiences an internal shock upon seeing the impressive military formation of the Pandavas. He had underestimated their capacity to amass such a formidable army, having expected them to appear weakened and timid after years of humiliation at the hands of the Kauravas. This unexpected sight triggers apprehension in Duryodhana's heart, though he carefully conceals these feelings.

Sanjaya's narration is particularly significant as it reveals the psychological state of Duryodhana at this crucial juncture. Though officially serving as King Dhritarashtra's minister, Sanjaya internally recognizes the righteousness of the Pandavas' cause while understanding the adharmic (unrighteous) position of the Kauravas. His detailed account serves to answer the king's inquiry about what transpired between their respective sons on the battlefield, with particular focus on Duryodhana's actions as the conflict begins to unfold.

It's noteworthy that Duryodhana approaches Dronacharya rather than Bhishma, who was the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava forces. This calculated move reveals Duryodhana's diplomatic acumen, albeit employed for unjust purposes. He was well aware that Bhishma had previously vowed to never harm the Pandavas, while Dronacharya had made no such promise. By approaching Dronacharya first, Duryodhana attempts to secure the teacher's complete allegiance by making him feel valued and important to the Kaurava cause.

The verse subtly illuminates how inner turmoil manifests when one's actions are misaligned with dharma (righteousness). Despite all his external preparations and displays of confidence, Duryodhana experiences inner restlessness and agitation because his motivations are impure and his cause unjust. This contrast between outward appearance and inner reality speaks to the universal human condition where our conscience invariably responds to the ethical nature of our intentions and actions.

This moment also demonstrates how life can present unexpected challenges that leave us momentarily stunned. Duryodhana's response—seeking counsel from his teacher—reflects a timeless approach to navigating difficult situations. When confronted with uncertainty, consulting those with greater experience and wisdom can provide valuable perspective, even if, as in Duryodhana's case, the underlying intentions remain problematic.

In the larger narrative, this verse serves as a harbinger of the inevitable conflict to come. Sanjaya's reporting to Dhritarashtra makes it clear that there will be no last-minute reconciliation or peace treaty between the opposing forces. The wheels of war are already in motion, a fact that Sanjaya conveys to the king by detailing Duryodhana's actions. This verse thus opens the door to the central drama of the Bhagavad Gita—the philosophical dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna that will soon unfold amidst this tense military standoff.