18.21 - Bhagavad Gita - Chapter 18, Verse 21

In verse 18.21 of the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna continues His explanation of the three types of knowledge based on the gunas (modes of material nature). This verse specifically addresses rajasic knowledge, following His description of sattvic knowledge in the previous verse.

The Sanskrit verse "pṛthaktvena tu yaj jñānaḿ nānā-bhāvān pṛthag-vidhān vetti sarveṣu bhūteṣu taj jñānaḿ viddhi rājasam" explains that knowledge influenced by rajas (passion) sees diversity rather than unity among living beings. Krishna states that this type of knowledge perceives different types of living entities in different bodies, emphasizing separation rather than spiritual unity.

This rajasic perspective stands in stark contrast to sattvic knowledge, which recognizes the same spiritual essence in all beings despite their diverse physical forms. While sattvic knowledge perceives underlying unity, rajasic knowledge fixates on external differences—focusing on gender, intelligence, birth, appearance, belief systems, and other material distinctions. This perspective remains at the level of "naama roopa" (name and form), unable to see beyond these surface-level characteristics to the spiritual reality beneath.

According to A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's commentary, rajasic knowledge can manifest in several materialistic theories: it may hold that the body itself is the soul, that consciousness is merely temporary, or that there is no individual soul but rather an all-pervading consciousness of which our bodies are temporary manifestations. What unites these theories is their emphasis on division and difference rather than spiritual unity.

The implications of rajasic knowledge are significant. When we perceive fundamental differences between beings rather than their essential sameness, we create the grounds for pride, division, and rigid identities. This fragmented view of reality keeps one bound to material identification and reinforces the ego's tendency to compare, judge, and separate. It breeds competition rather than cooperation and judgment rather than understanding.

Rajasic knowledge represents a middle stage in spiritual evolution—more developed than the complete ignorance of tamas (darkness), yet still far from the unified vision of sattva (goodness). It is characterized by complexity, speculation, and a focus on differences rather than underlying unity. While it may appear sophisticated or intellectual, it ultimately perpetuates the illusion of separation that keeps souls bound to the material realm.

In the broader context of chapter 18, this verse helps us understand how our fundamental perspective shapes everything we do. Before we act (karma) or identify as a doer (kartā), we first perceive reality through the lens of knowledge (jñāna). When that knowledge is colored by passion, our actions and identity will likewise be influenced by the mode of passion, keeping us trapped in the cycle of material existence rather than leading us toward liberation.